Also particularly striking are the buildings in the Art Nouveau style, most famously by the Belgian architects Victor Horta, Paul Hankar and Henry Van de Velde. [89] However, the European presence has contributed significantly to the importance of Brussels as an international centre.[82]. I was looking forward to a new adventure... “As part of my work, I must regularly stay in Brussels for periods of 1 week to 4 months. The City of Brussels (French: ville de Bruxelles [vil də bʁysɛl] or alternatively Bruxelles-Ville [bʁysɛl vil]; Dutch: Stad Brussel [stɑd ˈbrʏsəl] or Brussel-Stad) is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region, and the capital of Belgium. Brussels is rated as the 34th most important financial centre in the world as of 2020, according to the Global Financial Centres Index. This is the version of our website addressed to speakers of English in the United States. [15] The five times larger metropolitan area of Brussels comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the largest in Belgium. The city was also home of the impressionist painter Anna Boch from the Artist Group Les XX, and includes other famous Belgian painters such as Léon Spilliaert. What are the top attractions to visit in Brussels? The Brabantine Gothic Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula remains a prominent feature in the skyline of downtown Brussels. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. Brussels is home to notable cycling races. All rights reserved. [43][44] Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, it was incorporated into the Frankish Empire. Brussels is also a capital of the comic strip;[2] some treasured Belgian characters are Tintin, Lucky Luke, The Smurfs, Spirou, Gaston, Marsupilami, Blake and Mortimer, Boule et Bill and Cubitus (see Belgian comics). Since 2015, its reincarnation RWDM47 is back playing in the second division. The corporation was founded in 1960 and has 41 member states. This language shift, the Francisation of Brussels, is rooted in the 18th century and accelerated after Belgium became independent and Brussels expanded past its original boundaries. Check flight prices and hotel … [137] It promotes member museums through the Brussels Card (giving access to public transport and 30 of the 100 museums), the Brussels Museums Nocturnes (every Thursday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. from mid-September to mid-December) and the Museum Night Fever (an event for and by young people on a Saturday night in late February or early March).[138]. [66], In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region. Belgium's capital is full of history, art, and culture. (renovation Ateliers Chaix & Morel (FR), JSWD Architekten (DE), TPF (BE) 2011-2016) They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region. tour UP-site - Up-site toren - Up-site tower (Ateliers Lion Architectes-Urbanistes - A2RC Architects 2010-2014) Brussels Sprouts 'n Gnocchi Rating: Unrated 21 This is an easy, healthy meal. Read More: https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/insider-s-guide-to-brussels-10-best-restaurants-and-bistros/, Frites Museum apartment Brussels garden + parking, Smartflats Manneken Pis 201 - 1 Bedroom - City Center, Studio 45m2 Bruxelles/woluwé/quartier européen, Center, Spacious, Quiet Street Sleeps 1-8p, Speciality Museums, Points of Interest & Landmarks. Catherine. Atlas Obscura and our trusted partners use technology such as cookies on our website to personalise ads, support social media features, and analyse our traffic. [136] The Royal Museums of Fine Arts has an extensive collection of various painters, such as Flemish old masters like Bruegel, Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens, and Peter Paul Rubens. [39] Main attractions include its historic Grand Place, Manneken Pis, Atomium, and cultural institutions such as La Monnaie/De Munt and the Museums of Art and History. [29] The Brussels metro is the only rapid transit system in Belgium. The Belgian postal company Bpost, as well as the telecommunication companies and mobile operators Proximus, Orange Belgium and Telenet are all located there. This event started the era of the Austrian Netherlands. [123], Brussels has a large concentration of Muslims, mostly of Moroccan, Turkish, Syrian and Guinean ancestry. Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Just 2.5% speak English as their mother tongue, but 29.7% of people living in the city claim to speak English well or very well. The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a ghetto effect in that part of the city. Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age, with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths, dolmens and standing stones (Plattesteen in the City of Brussels and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, for example). [116] The first language of roughly half of the inhabitants is not an official one of the Capital Region. The cafés are similar to bars, and offer beer and light dishes; coffee houses are called salons de thé. The Old Market, on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein, in the Marolles/Marollen neighbourhood, is particularly renowned. Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous Burgundian Netherlands, also known as the Seventeen Provinces. [41] Saint Vindicianus, the Bishop of Cambrai, made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695,[42] when it was still a hamlet. [173] That being said, the GDP is boosted by a massive inflow of commuters from neighbouring regions; over half of those who work in Brussels live in Flanders or Wallonia, with 230,000 and 130,000 commuters per day respectively. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731. Regions are one component of Belgium's institutions; the three communities being the other component. [17][18] Brussels is also part of a wider diamond-shaped conurbation, with Ghent, Antwerp and Leuven, which has about 4.4 million inhabitants (a little more than 40% of the Belgium's total population).[19][96]. In the 15th century, the marriage between heiress Margaret III of Flanders and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, produced a new Duke of Brabant of the House of Valois (namely Antoine, their son). Brussels Airport, BRU About 7 mi ENE of Brussels; Brussels South Charleroi Airport, CRL About 27 mi S of Brussels; Antwerp International Airport, ANR About 24 mi N of Brussels; Other cities near Brussels Lavish royal estate punctuated with heated greenhouses. [126] The square is dominated by the 15th century Flamboyant Town Hall, the neo-Gothic Breadhouse and the Baroque guildhalls of the Guilds of Brussels. [25][26] As the economic capital of Belgium and one of the top financial centres of Western Europe with Euronext Brussels, it is classified as an Alpha global city. It was estimated that, in 2005, people of Muslim background living in the Brussels Region numbered 256,220 and accounted for 25.5% of the city's population, a much higher concentration than those of the other regions of Belgium. Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of Belgium. Housings 100% certified, Full price, no unpleasant surprises [153] Numerous friteries are spread throughout the city, and in tourist areas, fresh hot waffles are also sold on the street.  United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830. The Brussels bus network is complementary to the rail network. [86] Today, the presence has increased considerably, with the Commission alone occupying 865,000 m2 (9,310,000 sq ft) within the European Quarter (a quarter of the total office space in Brussels[21]). Brussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about 110 kilometres (68 miles) from the Belgian coast and about 180 km (110 mi) from Belgium's southern tip. Some religious buildings from the interwar era were also constructed in that style, such as the Church of St. John the Baptist (1932) in Molenbeek and the Church of St. Augustine (1935) in Forest. The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company STIB/MIVB is the local public transport operator in Brussels. The Magritte Museum houses the world's largest collection of the works of the surrealist René Magritte. Architecture fans should visit Musee Horta, home of Belgian master architect Victor Horta. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the Société Générale de Belgique. "Opera and Revolution: La Muette de Portici and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited", Journal of Musicological Research 3 (1979), 53–54. Since June 2015, a number of central boulevards inside the Pentagon have become car-free, limiting transit traffic through the old city.[204]. How a frozen festival helped Brussels survive the "Winter of Death.". The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe. Please click below to consent to the use of this technology while browsing our site. Its headquarters are located in Haren, on the northeast perimeter of the City of Brussels. © 2020 Atlas Obscura. Located outside the centre, in a greener environment, are the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark with its triumphal arch and nearby museums, and in Laeken, the Royal Castle of Laeken and the Royal Domain with its large greenhouses, as well as the Museums of the Far East. [9] The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the French Community of Belgium[10] and the Flemish Community,[11] but is separate from the Flemish Region (within which it forms an enclave) and the Walloon Region. Anderlecht, based in the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium in Anderlecht, is the most successful Belgian football club in the Belgian Pro League, with 34 titles. I had already had a first experience in Cluj, Romania, which went very well. On the eastern side of the region, the R21 or Greater Ring (French: Grande Ceinture, Dutch: Grote Ring) is formed by a string of boulevards that curves round from Laeken to Uccle. Isolated portions of the first city walls were saved from destruction and can be seen to this day. The Grand Place was destroyed, along with 4,000 buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. [19], Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament. [157] The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries hold a variety of luxury shops and some six million people stroll through them each year. [71], In early 2016, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean held a reputation as a safe haven for jihadists in relation to the support shown by some residents towards the bombers who carried out the Paris and Brussels attacks. [157] In addition, Brussels ranks as one of Europe's best capital cities for flea market shopping. Brussels has, since World War II, become the administrative centre of many international organisations. Quartier Européen - Europawijk - European district The Belgian French-language public broadcaster RTBF, the Belgian Dutch-speaking public broadcaster VRT, the two regional channels BX1 (formerly Télé Bruxelles)[178] and Bruzz (formerly TV Brussel),[179] the encrypted BeTV channel and private channels RTL-TVI and VTM are headquartered in Brussels. Brussels and its suburbs have evolved from a Dutch-dialect-speaking town to a mainly French-speaking town. On the northwestern side of the region, the National Basilica of the Sacred Heart is a Minor Basilica and parish church and the 14th largest church building in the world. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation. Many of us foreigners... To celebrate our 10th anniversary of marriage, we headed to Brussels for a weekend. [206] It is a class X fire department and the largest fire service in Belgium in terms of annual operations, equipment, and personnel. The tunnel itself is only six tracks wide at its narrowest point, which often causes congestion and delays due to heavy use of the route. These are the best bars in town! [93] A new €750 million headquarters building begun in 2010 and was completed in 2017. The Great Mosque of Brussels, located in the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, is the oldest mosque in Brussels. [85] Early building in Brussels was sporadic and uncontrolled, with little planning. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. [132], Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899), Saint Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903), Art Deco structures in Brussels include the Residence Palace (1927) (now part of the Europa building), the Centre for Fine Arts (1928), the Villa Empain (1934), the Town Hall of Forest (1938), and the Flagey Building on Flagey Square (1935–1938) in Ixelles. 10 Things To Do In Brussels Besides Drinking Beer, Belgium produces more varieties than there are days in a year. All payments are controlled and secured by 3D-Secure. It consists of nine steel spheres connected by tubes, and forms a model of an iron crystal (specifically, a unit cell), magnified 165 billion times. Spanish Netherlands 1556–1714 Some premetro stations (see Brussels metro) were built on that route. [117] Nevertheless, about three out of four residents are Belgian nationals. The Royal Palace, where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels' Park (not to be confused with the Royal Castle of Laeken, the official home of the Belgian Royal Family). [57], Brussels, along with Luxembourg and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in 1957, soon becoming the centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the European Quarter, in the east of the city. Brussels has an orbital motorway, numbered R0 (R-zero) and commonly referred to as the Ring. Halfway through the 20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants. It covers the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region and some surface routes extend to the near suburbs in the other regions. The ethnic and national self-identification of the inhabitants is quite different along ethnic lines. Its name is sometimes used metonymically to describe the EU and its institutions.  Austrian Netherlands 1714–1746 The construction of the North–South connection, linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first premetro (underground tram) was finished in 1969,[52] and the first line of the metro was opened in 1976. A single journey can include multiple stages across the different modes of transport. The two largest foreign groups come from two francophone countries: France and Morocco. It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km (28 mi) south of Antwerp (Flanders), and 50 km (31 mi) north of Charleroi (Wallonia). [16][17][18] It is also part of a large conurbation extending towards Ghent, Antwerp, Leuven and Walloon Brabant, home to over 5 million people. The Kunstenfestivaldesarts, an international performing arts festival, is organised every year in May in about twenty different cultural houses and theatres throughout the city. [110][111], Given its Dutch-speaking origins and the role that the City of Brussels plays as capital in a bilingual country, the administration of the entire Brussels-Capital Region is fully bilingual, including its subdivisions and public services. Other uniform neoclassical ensembles can be found around Martyrs' Square and Barricades' Square. The Atomium is a symbolic 103-metre-tall (338 ft) modernist structure, located on the Heysel Plateau, which was originally built for the 1958 World's Fair (Expo '58). Create a Trip to save and organize all of your travel ideas, and see them on a map. Studio 4 in Le Flagey cultural centre hosts the Brussels Philharmonic. [87] Between 2002 and 2004, the European Council also fixed its seat in the city. Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Sweet Potatoes Ingredients: 1lb Brussels sprouts (trimmed), 1 large sweet potato (1 pound), 2 cloves garlic (smashed), 1/3 cup olive oil, 1 teaspoon cumin, ½ teaspoon ground coriander, 1 teaspoon salt, pepper to taste, 1 tablespoon red wine vinegar, fresh thyme (to garnish). Brussels is a real melting pot of Europe, filled with great museums and art from Memling, Bosch or Rubens, historic breweries and great concert halls. Procedure contained in art. This collection of over 50 murals celebrates Brussels' rich history as the self-proclaimed home of the "comic strip.". Brussels is a warm and human-sized city  full of activities and places for everyone! On Fridays and Saturdays, 11 bus routes operate from midnight until 3 a.m. Église Notre-Dame de Laeken - Kerk van Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Laken - Church of Our Lady of Laeken/Laken [188][189], Most of Brussels pupils between the ages of 3 and 18 go to schools organised by the French-speaking Community or the Flemish Community, with close to 80% going to French-speaking schools, and roughly 20% to Dutch-speaking schools. [172] Its GDP per capita is nearly double that of Belgium as a whole,[14] and it has the highest GDP per capita of any NUTS 1 region in the EU, at ~$80,000 in 2016. The city's embrace of modern architecture translated into an ambivalent approach towards historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, most famously the Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis by Victor Horta, a process known as Brusselisation. Climb inside an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times its normal size. We had booked in advance a guest room on the Bed &... “Recently separated from my partner, I had to find temporary accommodation while I turned around. The Brussels Museums Council is an independent body for all the museums in the Brussels-Capital Region, covering around 100 federal, private, municipal, and community museums. The train rails in Brussels go underground, near the centre, through the North–South connection, with Brussels Central Station also being largely underground. In 2006, a public bicycle-sharing programme was introduced. (Constant Bosmans, Henri Vandeveld 1902) Brussels is a centre of both media and communications in Belgium, with many Belgian television stations, radio stations, newspapers and telephone companies having their headquarters in the region. Remaining is only the governor of Brussels-Capital and some aides, analogously to provinces. The City of Brussels has taken several decisions in order to best respect the measures of the federal government in the fight against the coronavirus (Covid-19). Medieval Grand-Place, is indeed grand, with many 17th-century buildings and daily flower markets. In 1695, during the Nine Years' War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery. Less that 1h30 by train far away from Paris and only 2h30 from London. [83] In 2009, there were an estimated 286 lobbying consultancies known to work in Brussels. The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 square kilometres (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is Koekelberg with 18,541 inhabitants. 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The metro is an important means of transport, connecting with six railway stations of the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), and many tram and bus stops operated by STIB/MIVB, and with Flemish De Lijn and Walloon TEC bus stops. [35][36] Brussels is also increasingly becoming multilingual. Slatin, Sonia. Notable specialities include Brussels waffles (gaufres) and mussels (usually as moules-frites, served with fries). The top attractions to visit in Brussels are: What are the best outdoor activities in Brussels? Strolling between the Grand Place, the markets of the Marolles district and the architectural works scattered all over the... Want to go out, have a drink? Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. Atomium White Star Bruxelles is another football club that plays in second division. Buildings such as the Brussels Stock Exchange (1873), the Palace of Justice (1883) and Saint Mary's Royal Church (1885) date from this period. [169] It has also won the most major European tournaments for a Belgian side, with 6 European titles. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 tons can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage. On Belgian National Day, on 21 July, a military parade and celebrations take place on the Place des Palais/Paleizenplein and in Brussels' Park, ending with a display of fireworks in the evening. The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities. It is bilingual (French–Dutch). [105], Only since the 1960s, after the fixation of the Belgian language border, and after the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. [102][103], French-speaking immigration contributed to the Frenchification of Brussels; both Walloons and expatriates from other countries—mainly France—came to Brussels in great numbers. The office of the Prime Minister of Belgium, colloquially called Law Street 16 (French: 16, rue de la Loi, Dutch: Wetstraat 16), is located adjacent to this building. [59] Proximity to coastal areas influences the area's climate by sending marine air masses from the Atlantic Ocean. Original article on ReliefWeb 16 April 2018, Harare - The European Union (EU) and the United… The "Winter Wonders" animate the heart of Brussels in December; these winter activities were launched in Brussels in 2001. The gastronomic offer includes approximately 1,800 restaurants, and a number of high quality bars. Read more: https://matadornetwork.com/trips/10-things-to-do-in-brussels-besides-drinking-beer/, As the de facto capital of the European Union, Brussels is home to a lot of diplomats from all over the world. Within the Region, 99% of the areas of provincial jurisdiction are assumed by the Brussels regional institutions and community commissions. Between gastronomic, cultural or relaxing outings… Brussels has plenty to offer for a romantic getaway. On 22 March 2016, three coordinated nail bombings were detonated by ISIL in Brussels—two at Brussels Airport in Zaventem and one at Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station—resulting in 32 victims and three suicide bombers killed, and 330 people were injured. Other Brussels clubs that played in the national series over the years were Ixelles SC, Crossing Club de Schaerbeek (born from a merger between RCS de Schaerbeek and Crossing Club Molenbeek), Scup Jette, RUS de Laeken, Racing Jet de Bruxelles, AS Auderghem, KV Wosjot Woluwe and FC Ganshoren. Add aioli mixture; mix well. In 1477, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold perished in the Battle of Nancy. In the last decades of the 20th century, the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx was also held in Brussels. South Brabant was renamed simply Brabant, with Brussels as its administrative centre. In France, the pronunciations [bʁyksɛl] and [bʁyksɛlwa] (for bruxellois) are often heard, but are rather rare in Belgium. After the war, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. During late antiquity, the region was home to Roman occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of Tour & Taxis. In 2012, the Zen Car electric car-sharing scheme was launched in the university and European areas. Still other universities have campuses in Brussels, such as the French-speaking University of Louvain (UCLouvain), which has 10,000 students in the city with its medical faculties at UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe since 1973,[185] in addition to its Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning[186] and UCLouvain's Dutch-speaking sister Katholieke Universiteit Leuven[187] (offering bachelor's and master's degrees in economics & business, law, arts, and architecture; 4,400 students). Brussels has had a distinguished artist scene for many years. Visit top-rated & must-see attractions. The recipes here range from hot dips to creamy gratins to crunchy salads, and many side dishes. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact decrees, which are legislative acts. © visit.brussels - Jean-Paul Remy - 2017, Ixelles - Elsene [85][full citation needed][86][full citation needed] It locates the formal seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg, where votes take place, with the council, on the proposals made by the commission. The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). [194], Brussels is home to a thriving pharmaceutical and health care industry which includes pioneering biotechnology research. Moreover, the connection of the Willebroek Canal with the Brussels–Charleroi Canal, in the very heart of the capital, creates a north–south link, by means of waterways, between the Netherlands, Flanders and the industrial zone of Hainaut (Wallonia). In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel). [14] It covers 162 km2 (63 sq mi), a relatively small area compared to the two other regions, and has a population of over 1.2 million. [65][66] Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive. The Belgian Comic Strip Center combines two artistic leitmotifs of Brussels, being a museum devoted to Belgian comic strips, housed in the former Magasins Waucquez textile department store, designed by Victor Horta in the Art Nouveau style. Rue Sainte-Catherine redevelopment, Public session of the City Council: 9 November 2020, coronavirus measures by the City of Brussels, City Council livestream on Monday 9 November (5 pm), Works between the Brussels-Midi and Brussels-North stations, Temporary closure of the Rue du Marché au Charbon police station, Coronavirus measures by the City of Brussels, Home delivery of passports and driving licences. [88] In 2014, the Union hosted a G7 summit in the city. [134][135] Next to the Atomium, is Mini-Europe miniature park, with 1:25 scale maquettes of famous buildings from across Europe. The health sector employs 70,000 employees in 30,000 companies. Historically situated near the Place Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijneplein, it lies today to the northwest of the region, on the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to Antwerp via the Scheldt. The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, which is only 1.1 square kilometres (0.4 sq mi), but still has the highest population density in the region, with 20,822 inhabitants per square kilometre (53,930/sq mi). The multilingual pan-European news channel Euronews also maintains an office in Brussels. [200] Since April 2007, STIB/MIVB has been operating a night bus network called Noctis. The Senne had become a serious health hazard, and from 1867 to 1871, under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach, its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over. We’ve selected the 10 best ones for you. Many events are organised or hosted in Brussels throughout the year. [174] Not all of the wealth generated in Brussels remains in Brussels itself, and as of December 2013[update], the unemployment among residents of Brussels is 20.4%. [69][70] That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs.

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