A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. Napoleon did not believe that the middle-class National Guard would be able to maintain order and suppress riots. National Guardsmen at the Battle of Bar-le-Duc in 1814. The National Guard, on the other hand, attracted the middle classes to its ranks, if only because guardsmen were expected to pay for their own uniforms and equipment. The National Guard (French: la Garde nationale) was a French militia which existed from 1789 until 1872, including a period of official disbandment from 1827 to 1830. In the early morning of the next day, the search for weapons for this new militia led to the storming of the Hotel des Invalides and then the storming of the Bastille. The Guard's shift in loyalties resulted in the switch of power from the Girondist party to the extreme party known as the Mountain. Initially the Guard, purged of its Napoleonic leadership, maintained good relations with the restored monarchy. After the abolition of the monarchy (21 September 1792), the National Guard fought for the Revolution and it had an important role in forcing the wishes of the capital on the French National Assembly which was obliged to give way in front of the force of the "patriotic" bayonets. The raising of National Guard was declared by the National Assembly on 13 July 1789, in response to fears of a royalist coup. Following the occupation of the city by the allied armies, the National Guard was expanded to 35,000 men and became the primary force for maintaining order.[6]. However the disbanded National Guardsmen kept their weapons and covertly retained enough cohesion to resurface as a part of the 1830 July Revolution which overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. From 1795, as Napoleon became more prominent, he succeeded in curbing the National Guard's power. From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. E.G. When the French Guards mutinied and were disbanded during the same month, the majority of this former royal regiment's rank and file became the full-time cadre of the Paris National Guard. Under the law of 14 October 1791, all active citizens and their children over 18 years were obliged to join the National Guard. In 2016, the National Guard was reestablished as a 75,000-strong reserve force in reaction to Salafist terrorist attacks. From 1792–5 the National Guard was an increasingly radical and violent republican force, especially in the national capital. Philip Haythornthwaite, page 87 "Uniforms of the French Revolutionary Wars. Following a nationwide scheme decided on in September 1791, the National Guard was organised on the basis of district or canton companies. These reserve units were embodied only in times of general mobilisation but remained an integral part of the regular army. It was identified until 1792 with constitutional monarchy. It fought in the Revolution of 1848 in favour of the republicans. It also faced opposition from the army which was opposed to such a large armed force outside its direct control. It was meant for maintaining public order, and it performed this job under the Bourbon Monarchy. The search for weapons led to the storming of the Bastille for its powder stocks the next day. In 1814, when Paris was occupied by the Sixth Coalition, the National Guard recruited 35,000 men. [3] Between 1811 and 1812 the National Guard, was organized in "cohorts" to distinguish it from the regular army, and for home defence only. It played a major role in suppressing the Paris June Rebellion of 1832 against the government of King Louis-Phillipe. It was separate from the French Army and existed both for policing and as a military reserve. The role of the Paris units of the National Guard in the uprising of the Paris Commune led to a great degree of hostility towards the National Guard, especially from the army. After 9 Thermidor, year II (27 July 1794), the new government of the Thermidorian Reaction placed the National Guard under the control of more conservative leadership. Hourtouille, page 127 "1814 The Campaign for France", [https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%2FNapoleonic_Campaigns "Napoleonic Campaigns" ], https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&oldid=1483228, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Military units and formations of the Franco-Prussian War, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The citizens kept their weapons and their uniforms at home, and set forth with them when required. Initially each city, town and village maintained its own National Guard, until they were united on 14 July 1790 under Lafayette, who was appointed "Commandant General of all the National Guards of the Kingdom". Napoleon III confined the National Guard during the Second Empire to subordinate tasks to reduce its liberal and republican influence. During the uprising of the Paris Commune, from March to May 1871, the National Guard in Pari… This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the popularity of Louis-Phillipe and his "Bourgeois Monarchy", rather than any fundamental change in the make up of the National Guard, which remained … The Paris National Guard thereafter ceased to play a significant political role. This rebellion was put down by France's regular army. The Troupes Provinciales were unreliable because they were recruited, by lottery, from the peasantry who were the source of the unrest. The National Guard soon expanded into cities throughout France. For most of its history the National Guard, particularly its officers, were widely viewed as loyal to middle-class interests. Initially each city, town and village independently operated its own National Guard, until they were united under the command of Lafayette in 1790. In Paris during this period the National Guard comprised twelve thousand bourgeois property owners, serving part-time and equipped at their own expense, whose prime function was to guard public buildings on a roster basis. [7] However by 1827, the middle-class men who still composed the Guard had come to feel a degree of hostility towards the reactionary monarchy. Clothing and equipment was often in short supply and even the Paris National Guard was obliged to provide pikes as substitute weapons for some of its new recruits. During the uprising of the Paris Commune, from March to May 1871, the National Guard in Paris was expanded to include all able-bodied citizens capable of carrying weapons. The National Assembly declared the formation of a "Bourgeois Militia" ("milice bourgeoise") on 13 July. In the summer of 1792, the fundamental character of the guard changed. Their general Georges Mouton crushed the June Rebellion in 1832 and other rebellions. This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the popularity of Louis-Phillipe and his "Bourgeois Monarchy", rather than any fundamental change in the make up of the National Guard, which remained a middle-class body. By a skilful appeal to patriotism, and judicious pressure applied through the prefects, it became a useful reservoir of half-trained men for new battalions of the active army. At the Battle of Neerwinden in 1793 the French National Guard was defeated and Charles Dumouriez defected from the French ranks, and the French army reformed, lest they face the same consequences of lacking a professional standing army. A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. Collage of French national guardsmen, and French painter Philippe Lenoir in National Guard uniform. However, the same National Guard fought in the Revolution of 1848 in favour of the republicans. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1, the National Guard played a central role in the defence of Paris, and was reinforced with large numbers of Parisian conscripts. In 1830 it fought the July Revolution and although they were defeated, they were kept in power by the House of Orleans. The National Guard was the home forces of the First French Republic and French Empire that were responsible for putting down insurrections in their home country as well as serving as the standing army during extreme cases, such as the French Revolutionary Wars of the 1790s and the Defense of France in the 1814 campaign. The National Guard was the home forces of the First French Republic and French Empire that were responsible for putting down insurrections in their home country as well as serving as the standing army during extreme cases, such as the French Revolutionary Wars of the 1790s and the Defense of France in the 1814 campaign. The National Guard was superseded by the creation of territorial regiments, made up of older men who had completed their period of full-time military service. Around this cadre, a part-time Paris militia was raised for military and policing tasks. The first National Guard units were formed in Paris in 1789 from soldiers formerly in the French Guards, the majority of whom had defected to the revolutionary cause, and former members of the Royal Watch (officially the "Paris Guard"). It played a major role in suppressing the Paris June Rebellion of 1832 against the government of King Louis-Phillipe. However, he did not abolish the National Guard, but was content to partially disarm it. In fact, the last commander of the Guet royal (Chevalier du Guet), de La Rothière, was elected to head the National Guard in 1791. Therefore, he created a Municipal Guard of Paris, a full-time gendarmerie which was strongly militarised. [2] This combination of colours matched those of the revolutionary tricolour. A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. During the Franco-Prussian War the Government of National Defense of 1870 called on the Guard to undertake a major role in defending Paris against the invading Prussian army. The National Guard was formally disbanded on 14 March 1872. In 1871, elements of the Paris National Guard rebelled to briefly form the Paris Commune, leading it to be viewed as a threat to national security. [4], With the invasion of France by allied Austrian, Prussian, Russian and British armies in 1814, the National Guard was suddenly called on to provide support for regular Imperial forces. The National Guard continued as a reserve force under Napoleon and into the Bourbon Restoration, until disbanded as politically unreliable in 1827. In 1872, the National Guard was disbanded, and the reserve military role was taken over by territorial formations of the French Army. However from 1792-5, the National Guard was perceived as revolutionary and the lower ranks were identified with sans-culottes, and soon after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1, the National Guard in Paris became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, contributing to its dissolution. It also faced opposition from the army, which was opposed to such a large force outside its own organisation. That social difference made them a more reliable force. The officers of the National Guard were elected. Where possible, there was provision for mounted detachments and artillerymen.[1]. The National Guard was officially re-established in 1830 under its original 1789 commander, the Marquis de Lafayette, and initially protected the constitutional monarchy of the new King Louis-Phillipe. Despite its major role in the Franco-Prussian War, the National Guard was disbanded soon after the establishment of the Third Republic. Existing National Guard units, such as those of Paris, were deployed as defence corps in their areas of recruitment. Their role was the maintenance of law and order and, if necessary, the defence of the territory. In 1871 it became the armed wing of the Commune of Paris rebels, who declared independence from the Third French Republic. Under the Restoration in 1814, the National Guard was maintained by Louis XVIII. This had rapidly spread anger and violence throughout Paris. Upon the rebellion's quashing in 1872, the National Guard was suppressed and disbanded. The fédérés were admitted to the guard and the subsequent takeover of the guard by Antoine Joseph Santerre when Mandat was murdered in the first hours of the insurrection of 10 August placed a radical revolutionary at the head of the Guard. [8] He neglected to disarm the disbanded force, and its muskets resurfaced in 1830 during the July Revolution. Mass conscription was extended to age groups previously exempt from military service, to provide more manpower for the expanded National Guard. Having been converted from a volunteer reserve into a much larger force composed mainly of conscripts, the National Guard had lost its identity and raison d'être. In 1848, however, it assisted the republican rebels and overthrew Louis-Philippe I of France. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Failed harvests led to unrest and the National Assembly needed a police force. Louis-Phillipe had lost most middle-class support by 1848 and the National Guard therefore fought for the republican cause in the Revolution of 1848. Perceived as an embodiment of the revolutionary republican "nation in arms" at the time of the Revolution of 1789, the National Guard was disbanded in 1872 as a revolutionary threat to the security and order of the republic. Students and volunteers from gamekeepers and other professional groups formed separate units within the National Guard. In 1870 the National Guard was bolstered by new volunteers in order to defend against the Prussian invaders who were fighting in the Franco-Prussian War. During the Franco-Prussian War the Government of National Defense of 1870 called on it take a major role in defending Paris against Prussia. The French National Guard was formed in 1789, a result of “la Grande Peur”, or the “Great Fear”. Part of the National Guard then attempted to overthrow the Directory during the royalist insurrection on the 13 Vendémiaire, year IV (5 October 1795), but were defeated by forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of 13 Vendémiaire. Having been converted from a volunteer reserve into a much larger force composed mainly of conscripts, the National Guard lost its identity and raison d'être. This page was last modified on 10 January 2016, at 02:50. Lafayette was elected to the post of commander in chief of the Bourgeois Militia on 15 July, and it was renamed the "National Guard". Districts might also provide companies of veterans and young citizens, respectively drawn from volunteers of over 60 or under 18. Following hostile cries at a review on 29 April Charles X dissolved the Guard the following day, on the grounds of offensive behaviour towards the crown. Five of these neighbourhood units (designated as fusiliers or grenadiers) made up a battalion. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Napoleon III confined it during the Second Empire to subordinate tasks in order to reduce its liberal and republican influence. [5], Six thousand national guardsmen took part in the Battle of Paris in 1814. He kept the force in reserve and mobilised it for the defence of French territory in 1809 and 1814. The former Guet royal` had held responsibility for the maintenance of law and order in Paris from 1254 to 1791, when the National Guard took over this role. https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/National_Guard_of_France?oldid=113069. Following the Commune's defeat by the regular French Army, the National Guard was suppressed. Eight to ten battalions comprised a legion. From 1868, the volunteer National Guard co-existed with a new "Mobile National Guard" (Garde nationale mobile) formed from men conscripted to part-time service as reservists. During the French Revolutionary Wars of the 1790s the French army consisted almost exclusively of National Guardsmen, hastily assembled to defend France from the First Coalition. The raising of a "Bourgeois Guard" ("garde bourgeoise") for Paris was discussed by the National Assembly on 11 July 1789 in response to the King's sudden and alarming replacement of prime minister Jacques Necker with the Baron de Breteuil on that day. Similar bodies were spontaneously created in the towns and rural districts of France in response to widespread fears of chaos or counter-revolution. However, the same National Guard fought in the Revolution of 1848in favour of the republicans. The initially multi-coloured uniforms of the various provincial National Guard units were standardised in 1791, using as a model the dark blue coats with red collars, white lapels and cuffs worn by the Paris National Guard since its creation. The future Charles X served as its Colonel-General, reviewed the force regularly and intervened to veto its proposed disbandment on the grounds of economy by the Conseil Municipal of Paris.

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