Shaanxi province is one of the centers of ancient Chinese civilization. Yan, under the slogan "resistance against the enemy and defense of the soil", attempted to recruit young, patriotic intellectuals to his government in order to organize a local resistance to the threat of Japanese invasion. Annual precipitation averages around 350 to 700 millimetres (14 to 28 in), with 60% of it concentrated between June and August. [20][21][22][23] The site is now home to the Xi'an Banpo Museum, built in 1957 to preserve the archaeological collection. Shanxi is located on a plateau made up of higher ground to the east (Taihang Mountains) and the west (Lüliang Mountains) and a series of valleys in the center through which the Fen River runs. Going clockwise, Shaanxi borders Shanxi (E, NE), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ningxia (NW), and Inner Mongolia (N). In one instance, Yan lured people into theatres in order to have his police systematically cut the hair of the audience. [69] Construction of the station began on September 19, 2008. Contemporary Communist accounts called the battle "the most fierce in North China", while Japanese accounts called the battle a "stalemate". Winters are long, dry, and cold, while summer is warm and humid. [75] China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines and China Southern Airlines are the main airlines using the airport. The Mongol Yuan Dynasty divided China into provinces but did not establish Shanxi as a province. There are several burial mounds, tombs of the Zhou dynasty kings located in the city. Spring is extremely dry and prone to dust storms. Lands of thousand miles rich in harvest be found here, as if this place belongs to the nation of heaven." Shaanxi Introduction Located in the very heart of China’s territory and including most of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, Shaanxi Province is one of the birthplaces of Chinese primitive human beings and national culture. The NTSC in Lintong is 36 km (22 mi) away from Xi'an. The most popular local spirit is fenjiu, a "light fragrance" variety of baijiu that is generally sweeter than other northern Chinese spirits. The annual precipitation in the whole province is between 358 and 621 mm, and the seasonal distribution is uneven. The well-preserved city and UNESCO World Heritage site Pingyao shows many signs of its economic importance during the Qing dynasty. The State Development and Reform Commission approved the planning of Xi'an National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base on December 26, 2007. As the first state-level export processing zone in northwest China, XEPZ has become one of the seven pioneer EPZs with the function of bonded logistics in China. During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), Shanxi extended north beyond the Great Wall to include parts of Inner Mongolia, including what is now the city of Hohhot, and overlapped with the jurisdiction of the Eight Banners and the Guihua Tümed banner in that area. The Wei River valley is characterised by hot, humid summers, cold, dry winters, and dry springs and autumns. Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi. In 202 BC, the founding emperor Liu Bang of the Han dynasty established his capital in Chang'an County; his first palace, Changle Palace (長樂宮, "Perpetual Happiness") was built across the river from the ruin of the Qin capital. When tone marks are noted, it is spelled Shǎnxī rather than Shǎanxī or Shaǎnxī. Among these there are a City God Temple, completely reconstructed in the 2010s, and a Temple of Confucius. [16], Yan Xishan himself (along with most of the provincial treasury) was airlifted out of Taiyuan in March 1949. The annual average temperature in Shanxi Province is between 4.2 and 14.2 °C. During World War II, Xi'an became a destination for many refugees from other provinces of China, especially neighboring Henan Province. From 1997 to 2006, the industrial output value of Xi’an's service industry increased at an annual average rate of 13.74 percent, compared to traditional service industries of 0.74 percent, representing a growth from US$8.113 billion to US$25.85 billion. The population is mostly Han Chinese with minorities of Mongol, Manchu, and the Hui. Following several hundred years of unrest, the Sui dynasty united China again in 582. The province has a length of 682 km (424 mi) and a width of 385 km (239 mi) from east to west, with a total area of 156,700 km2 (60,500 sq mi), accounting for 1.6% of the country's total area.[20]. In June–August, the precipitation is relatively concentrated, accounting for about 60% of the annual precipitation, and the precipitation distribution in the province is greatly affected by the terrain. Yangrou paomo (flat bread soaked in lamb soup; simplified Chinese: 羊肉泡馍; traditional Chinese: 羊肉泡饃; pinyin: Yángròu pàomó)[81] is a well known Xi'anese dish. A subsequent appeal to the defenders to surrender was refused. The Battle of Pingxingguan was the largest battle won by the Communists against the Japanese. The Fen and Qin rivers, tributaries of the Yellow River, run north-to-south through the province, and drain much of its area. The new wall and moat would protect a much smaller city of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi). [6], In 1918 there was an outbreak of bubonic plague in northern Shanxi that lasted for two months and killed 2,664 people. The GDP per capita of Shanxi is below the national average. In the 2000s, the province was considered to be one of the most polluted areas in China. This territory, called The Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, included a part of northern Shanxi. 1Special economic-zone Cities. Yan was so successful in convincing surrendered Japanese to work for him that, as word spread to other areas of north China, Japanese soldiers from those areas began to converge on Taiyuan to serve his government and army. On average this value increases by 14.5 percent annually, and accounts for approximately 41.8 percent of Shaanxi's total GDP. The Japanese suffered, but mostly ignored the Eighth Route Army and continued to advance towards Yan's capital. This Northern Silk Road is the northernmost of the Silk Roads and is about 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) in length. In 2004, the birth rate was 12.36 births/1,000 population, while the death rate was 6.11 deaths/1,000 population. [12], Genuine Communist efforts to resist the Japanese gave them the authority to carry out sweeping and radical social and economic reforms, mostly related to land and wealth redistribution, which they defended by labeling those who resisted as hanjian. Yangling is a satellite urban area separated from Xianyang and it is not included in the urban area & district area count. It provides 112 services to 80 000 people daily. [100], The growing economy of Xi'an supports the development of a software industry, and the city is a pioneer in software industry in China. [12] In 2019, it was named as one of the 7 main emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China and designated as a metropolis that also consists of areas surrounding the city itself[citation needed]. Under the Tang, the name reverted to Chang'an in 618. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population, ¹ — Taiwan is administered as a streamlined province by the, Hill, Henry, ed (1988). Since 1985, some linguists have argued that the dialects spoken in most of the province should be treated as a top-level division called Jin, based on its preservation of the Middle Chinese entering tone (stop-final) category, unlike other dialects in northern China. Terminal 3 and the second runway were opened on May 3, 2012.[76]. Yan's interactions with the Western medical personnel he met with to discuss how to suppress the epidemic inspired him to modernize and improve Shanxi's medical infrastructure which he began by funding the Research Society for the Advancement of Chinese Medicine, based in Taiyuan, in 1921. China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Xi'an – which includes the sites of the former Chinese capitals Fenghao and Chang'an – is the provincial capital as well as the largest city in Northwest China[5] and also one of the oldest cities in China and the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals, being the capital for the Western Zhou, Western Han, Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties. Not far to the north is the Loess Plateau. He discouraged the use of the traditional lunar calendar and encouraged the development of local boy scout organizations. It is a breakfast dish; a porridge-like stew made with mutton, Chinese yam (山药), lotus roots, astragalus membranaceus (黄芪; 'membranous milk vetch'), tuber onions, and yellow cooking wine for additional aroma. In the year 190, amidst uprisings and rebellions just prior to the Three Kingdoms Period, a powerful warlord named Dong Zhuo moved the court from Luoyang to Chang'an in a bid to avoid a coalition of other powerful warlords against him. 2)", "China National Human Development Report 2016", "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911–1930. A Silicon.com article describes Xi'an: "But Xi'an is selling on its own merits—with a large pool of cheap human resources from the 100 universities in the area, it hoovers up around 3,000 computer graduates every year, each earning approximately $120 a month—half the wages for the equivalent job in Beijing."[102][103]. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ningxia (NW) and Inner Mongolia (N). Mandarin is mainly spoken in Shaanxi, including Zhongyuan Mandarin and Southwestern Mandarin; another variety of Chinese, Jin, is also spoken. [10], The Northern Song dynasty established a Shaanxi Lu, (circuit) in the area, governed from modern Xi'an in 997. (关中左崤函，右陇蜀，沃野千里，此所谓金城千里，天府之国也) Since then, Guanzhong is also known as the 'Nation of the Heaven'. At the end of 2017, the total population of Shanxi is 37.02 million.[25]. [14], The Japanese suffered 30,000 dead and an equal number wounded in their effort to take northern Shanxi. The level of female cuju teams also improved. As a result, Xi'an suffered minimal destruction. [93], As part of the China Western Development policy, Xi’an became a major target for accelerated attention. ", "Structuring Local Identity: Nation, Province and County in Shanxi During the 1990s", "Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945–1949. After Kuomintang military victories in 1925 generated great interest in Shanxi for the Nationalist ideology, including women's rights, Yan allowed girls to enroll in middle school and college, where they promptly formed a women's association. In 2008, after the launch of the initial aerospace centre in Shanghai, the PRC is constructing another civil aerospace centre in the Shaanxi province. 2Open Coastal Cities. This pagoda measured 45 m (147.64 ft) tall at the time of completion, and was built to store the translations of Buddhist sutras by Yijing. Jin Chinese is considered by some linguists to be a distinct language from Mandarin, and its geographical range covers most of Shanxi. Harrison, Henrietta. The transportation system around the zone includes Xi'an-Xianyang International Airport and National Highway 310, and industries operating within the zone include auto parts, electronics, IT, pharmaceuticals and bioengineering industries and new materials. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi and Datong.

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